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Reports written by Dr. Laura Bouchard (Dermatologist, Finland), Dr. Joël Claveau (Dermatologist, Quebec), Dr. Nicolas Kluger (Dermatologist, Finland), Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet (Dermatologist, France), Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke (Dermatologist, Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet (Dermatologist, Quebec)
Related topics
Speaker: Dr. Villani
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Dr. Villani presented training in preoperative consultation and nail apparatus injections.
As part of the preoperative consultation, he recalled the importance of informing the patient of possible pain, infection, risk of nail dystrophy, definitively narrower nail and relapse after the procedure. Thus, postoperative care must be explained and patients are sent a preoperative letter reminding them in particular to bring a scarf if they are to undergo finger surgery, to bring wide, open-toed shoes for toe surgeries, to be prepared to elevate the operated limb for 48 hours and walk as little as possible for 48 hours in the event of a toe surgery.
Anaesthesia of the nail apparatus with a 2-3 ml Luer Lock syringe and a fine needle (30 G) for gentle injection. Choice of anaesthetic: bupivacaine, ropivacaine, lidocaine with or without adrenaline; ropivacaine has the most lasting effect but its price is higher (3x that of lidocaine). Lidocaine combined with adrenaline should not be used in vasospastic patients and the speaker saw no merit in using the adrenaline version. The effect of lidocaine lasts for 2 hours, that of bupivacaine for 8 hours (but only acts after 30 min) and that of ropivacaine for 8 to 12 hours. Ropivacaine injection is less painful if concentration is less than 5mg/ml.
Anaesthesia by distal digital block is often favoured. Anaesthesia by matricial block can be carried out by spreading from a proximal injection site.
Local injections of triamcinolone 10 mg/ml every 3 to 8 weeks to treat psoriasis, mild to moderate lichen planus, chronic paronychia. For chronic paronychia, the treatment of external causes is crucial to successful treatment, i.e. limiting hand washing to 3-4 times per day, wearing gloves while peeling vegetables, etc. to combat maceration as well as the Koebner phenomenon while avoiding all external traumatic factors.
To treat psoriasis, injections of methotrexate (MTX 2.5 mg/ml – 0.1 ml/finger – every 6 to 8 weeks), cyclosporin and a case of secukinumab were used in addition to triamcinolone. A study compared MTX with triamcinolone and cyclosporin. A 75% improvement was achieved in 50% of the triamcinolone group vs 56.7% of the MTX group and 33.3% of the cyclosporin group (Mittal et al. Indian j Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84: 419-423).
He pointed out the need to raise the issue of mechanical stress when analysing a nail and to examine shoes for signs of anterior, anterosuperior or lateral stress.
Authors: Elkissouni et al., Sueur et al., Ouni et al., Manaa et al., Bailly-Caillé et al. and Walid et al.
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Elkissouni et al. from the Casablanca University Hospital, reported 2 cases of generalised morphea after Covid-19 vaccination. In both cases, a 62 year-old man and a 59-year old woman, with no history of morphea, developed skin induration, initially locally, gradually extending to the trunk and limbs without affecting the face and extremities. The results for antinuclear (ANA) and anti-Scl70 antibodies were negative. The biopsy was consistent with deep morphea. The patients were prescribed oral corticosteroids, which led to a positive outcome.
Sueur et al. from the Besançon University Hospital reported the case of a 92-year-old female patient who experienced a bullous fixed pigmented erythema that progressively worsened and evolved into a widespread form with mucosal involvement further to Covid 19 vaccination. The first rash developed the day after the 2nd Pfizer/Comirnaty Covid19 vaccine in the form of isolated, round erythematous lesions on both hands and one leg. The day after the 3rd dose, similar lesions appeared, albeit more diffuse, with dysphonia. The Moderna vaccine was picked as 4th dose and, the following day, she experienced oval lesions over her entire body, maculopapular, purplish erythematous, sometimes bullous, and mediodorsal skin detachment in addition to mucosal involvement with sublingual aphthoid lesions, erosions of the inside of the cheek and lips.
The skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of fixed pigmented erythema determined through clinical examination. Patch testing for vaccines and their excipients was negative. Subsequently, the patient contracted the virus and experienced a further recurrence of rash, with reactivation of the older lesions and the appearance of new ones.
Ouni et al. from the Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia described a case of dermatomyositis that appeared 2 weeks after the 1st dose of Pfizer/Comirnaty vaccine. The 19-year-old female patient experienced a heliotrope rash on the upper eyelids, forehead and cheeks combined with photosensitivity, erythematous stripes on the back of the hands with keratotic purplish erythematous papules opposite the extensor surfaces of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Muscle weakness predominantly affecting the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Antinuclear antibodies and auto-antibodies specific to myositis were negative. The electromyography revealed a myogenic involvement and the skin biopsy showed interface dermatitis with perivascular inflammatory infiltrate and an oedema of the dermis, while direct immunofluorescence was negative. The patient was prescribed oral corticosteroids, which led to a positive outcome after 3 weeks.
Manaa et al. from the Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia, present a case of psoriasis and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma which occurred 10 days after Covid19 vaccination. An 82-year old male patient, with not prior history, was hospitalised for a widespread psoriasiform rash combined with nodules on the left leg that had grown for 2 months and had appeared 10 days after the ASTRAZENECA vaccine. The histological aspect was indicative of psoriasis of erythemato-squamous plaques and of large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, on a leg tumour with the following immunohistochemistry: CD20+, CD3-, CD30-, Mum1+, Bcl2-. A blood test confirmed thrombocytopenia, microcytic anaemia, high LDH levels, and satisfactory liver and kidney function tests.
They speculated about the role of the Covid19 vaccine in the induction or worsening of psoriasis and said it could be linked to the production of interferon 1 and interleukin 6 and the recruitment of Th17 cells involved in the physiopathology of psoriasis. 3 cases of cutaneous lymphoma were reported further to the covid19 vaccine. In our case, the viral proteins introduced by the vaccine may induce immune dysregulation and chronic antigen stimulation, which could explain, in a predisposed subject, the origin of lymphoma.
Bailly-Caillé et al. from the Caen and Rouen University Hospitals, reported a case of p200 pemphigoid. A 74-year-old male patient experienced a vesicular rash on the wrists which occurred 10 days after the first dose of the Moderna vaccine; followed by, within 48 hours of the second dose, a bullous rash on the extremities with no associated mucosal involvement. The histological analysis showed a detachment of the dermal-epidermal junction with a deposit of IgG and C3 along the epidermal basement membrane highlighted by direct immunofluorescence. The detection of anti-BPAG1 and 2 antibodies was negative. Indirect immunofluorescence found marking on the dermal side. Immunoblotting revealed the presence of antibodies which recognise the 200 kDa protein, hence the diagnosis of p200 pemphigoid. A case of P200 pemphigoid following vaccination was described, after a pneumococcus vaccine. The patient was once again vaccinated against sars-cov 2 one year later by Nuvaxovid, a non-mRNA, recombinant protein vaccine with no adverse effects.
Walid et al. from the Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco, have reported a case of amyopathic dermatomyositis resulting from the Covid 19 vaccine. A 60-year-old female patient was admitted for a pruritic rash which appeared 5 days after she received her second dose of the Astrazeneca vaccine, combined with photosensitivity and Raynaud's phenomenon. She exhibited facial erythroedema, flagellate erythema of the décolleté, Gottron papules and infiltrated erythematous plaques on the extensor surfaces of the forearms as well as a periungual erythema, trachyonychia and cuticle thickening. The nail dermatoscopy highlighted megacapillaries, a splinter haemorrhage, trachyonychia and unstructured avascular zones indicative of nail hypoperfusion. She was suffering from moderate myalgia and the blood test showed elevated levels of CK, AST and LDH, positive anti Mi-2 antibodies and ANAs, while the ENMG revealed a myogenic syndrome. The CT scan did not reveal any interstitial pulmonary involvement or any signs of malignancy. A skin biopsy was performed, showing keratinocyte necrosis. The pharmacological investigation exposed the responsibility of the Covid 19 vaccine in the induction of the disease.
Author: Canu et al.
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Canu et al. from the Bordeaux University Hospital assessed the efficacy and safety of spironolactone in the treatment of acne in 11 adolescent females monitored from 2015 to 2022.
- GEA 2 (1/11)
- GEA 3 (4/11)
- GEA 4 (4/11)
- GEA 5 (2/11)
Associated systemic treatment
After 3 months
At the end of treatment
Why opt for spironolactone?
- Refusal by some patients/parents
- No room before the beginning of menstruation
In conclusion
Speaker: Dr. Martine Darchy
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
During the session on cutaneous ageing, Dr. Martine Darchy presented studies on the benefits of taking oral collagen and hyaluronic acid.
Oral collagen: a meta-analysis of 19 studies, with a total of 1,120 participants aged 20 to 70 and 95% of women aged 20 to 70, showed the positive results of hydrolysed collagen supplements compared with placebo on skin hydration, elasticity and wrinkles. The result was assessed after ingesting hydrolysed collagen for 90 days (De Miranda et al., Int J Dermatol 2021; 60: 1449-1461).
Oral hyaluronic acid (HA): 3 Asian studies showing some success on reducing wrinkles. In a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 60 Japanese men and women aged 22 to 59 were treated with 120 mg per day of 2 or 300 kDa HA or placebo for 12 weeks. An analysis of skin imprints on the crow’s feet wrinkles and a subjective assessment questionnaire (wrinkles, skin radiance and suppleness) showed a significant improvement in wrinkles in the 300 kDa HA group after 8 weeks, and slightly lower with 2 kDa HA compared with placebo. Oe et al., Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatol 2017; 10: 267-273.
Two more studies showed the same thing, one with 240 mg of 38 kDa HA per day for 8 weeks in a group of 14 Japanese subjects in the HA group versus placebo (p<0.01) (Watanabe et al., Jpn Pharmacol Ther 2015; 43: 57-64) and the other in 26 Korean subjects receiving 240 mg of 75 kDa HA for 8 weeks versus placebo (p<0.05) (Kim et al., Food Style 2007; 11:42–46). However, the effect of epidermal and dermal HA is much greater and oral HA is no substitute for injections, but could serve as adjunctive and maintenance treatment. Thus, it seems that the use of HA in combination with biotin, vitamin C, copper and zinc increases its absorption by 31.5%. (Göllner et al., J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:816-823).
Author: Baqays et al.
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Baqays et al. from the Toulouse University Hospital, reported 3 cases of chronic radiation dermatitis resistant to pulsed dye laser (PDL) treated with PDL/Nd:YAG multiplex vascular laser
Introduction
Objective
Methods and Results
Treatment settings
PDL 7 J/cm2, 20 ms, YAG 40 J/cm2, 20 ms, 7mm handpiece
PDL 6-8 J/cm2, 20 ms, YAG 30-40 J/cm2, 20 ms, 7mm handpiece
PDL 12J/cm2, 40 ms, YAG 50 J/cm2, 40 ms, 7mm handpiece
Discussion and Conclusions
Comment
The addition of Nd:YAG to PDL improved the response to treatment. However, radiation dermatitis responds better to short pulses (0.45-1.5-3-6 ms) and PDL failure may be due to the settings. While Nd:YAG could be a good addition on limbs or skin with a higher phototype, it should be used with caution on irradiated tissue given its deeper penetration.
Author: Bergeret et al.
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Bergeret et al. from the Nîmes University Hospital reported the diagnoses of skin cancer in a group of 1,990 homeless men and women who were seen by a volunteer general practitioner with experience in dermatology for a one-year period independently of the reason for consultation.
Skin cancers diagnosed
Basal cell carcinoma (n = 44; median age 40)
Squamous cell carcinoma (n = 34; median age 45)
Melanoma (n = 7; median age 48)
Cutaneous metastases of visceral cancer (n = 8)
Cutaneous lymphoma (n = 6)
Other cancers (n = 5)
Tumour in photoexposed area 66%
Conclusions
Speaker: Prof. Delphine Staumont-Sallé (Lille Regional University Hospital)
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
During the facial dermatosis session, Prof. Delphine Staumont-Sallé presented a cavalcade of clinical cases of red faces in atopic patients.
Red Face patients: new appearance/worsening/resistance to AD treatment
AD + seborrhoeic dermatitis (Head & Neck Dermatitis)
Change in skin microbiota/fungal microbiota
Contributory factors
Treatment
Priority should be given to topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI)
Topical antifungals are often ineffective or poorly tolerated
Relevance of systemic antifungals
AD + rosacea (Head & Neck Dermatitis)
Contributory factors
Appropriate Management (AM)
AD and perioral dermatitis
Contributory factors
Topical Corticosteroid Withdrawal / Red Skin Syndrome / Topical Steroid Addiction
Treatment
AD and contact eczema
Patch test
Allergic contact dermatitis / irritant dermatitis / AD flare-ups induced by airborne allergens / UV: photoaggravated, photosensitisation
Flushing induced by TCI + OH
7% of patients treated with TCI
Inform patients
Avoid OH 2 hours before and after TCI
Flushing induced by dupilumab + OH
Facial erythema induced by dupilumab
Average time to onset: 11 weeks
AD with head and neck involvement or de novo
Only assumptions for aetiology
May cause treatment to be discontinued (8%)
Non-codified AM
Papular rash when taking JAKi
Acneiform eruption
No comedones (or rarely)
Particularly with selective JAK1 inhibitors, dose-response
Physiopathology unclear
Non-codified management
Eczema herpeticum
Appropriate Management
Speaker: Prof. Pierre Wolkenstein
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
Speaker: Dr. Jean-Michel Mazer
Report written by Dr. Laura Bouchard
Dr Jean-Michel Mazer presented articles published in 2022 on the treatment of skin cancer, dermatological surgery, surgical oncology and laser.
Hutchinson Sign: Biopsy May Assist in Diagnosis of Subungual Melanoma in Situ. Oh et al. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48: 28-31.
Evaluation of Intraoperative Triamcinolone Injection or Primary Lobe Tacking (Pexing) Sutures for Preventing Pincushioning in Bilobed Transposition Flaps. Boylan et al. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:191-194.
Adjuvant radiotherapy may not significantly change outcomes in high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas with clear surgical margins: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 86: 1246-1257.
Use Caution When Travelling and Wearing Medical Dressings: Foam Dressings Containing Silver May Set Off Metal Detectors. Kesaria et al. Dermatol Surg 2022 Feb 1;48(2):256-257
Treatment of neoangiogenesis induced by pulsed dye laser treatment
Study to assess the depth and diameter of vasculature for better treatment results
Analysis of port-wine birthmark vascular characteristics by location: Utility of optical coherence tomography mapping. Wang et al. Lasers Surg Med 2022; 54: 98-104.
Neoangiogenesis inhibitors (ANTI-VEGF) to prevent relapse
Burnout in French dermatologists: a prospective nationwide study (PO12-259)
Authors: N. Jouan, C. Taieb, B. Halioua
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
A study conducted under the guidance of FFFCEDV assessed the prevalence of burnout in French dermatologists, regardless of the type of practice, in order to evaluate the risk and protective factors. An online questionnaire was administered that included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), professional characteristics (thesis year, methods of practice, daily working hours), and personal data. A total of 577 responses were analysed. Ninety-one percent of the respondents were women, 78% had a private practice, 72% reported working more than 35 hours per week, and 63% said they had met with aggressive patients at least once. Sixty-seven percent reported over 20 years of practice. Almost 48% of French dermatologists were experiencing burnout: 29% mild burnout, 15% moderate burnout, and 3% severe burnout. Burnout affected both genders with no significant difference (40.3% of men and 49.1% of women). The type of practice (self-employment or employment) and the number of days worked had no impact; however, the factors that seemed associated with burnout included the number of hours worked (>35 hours), the lack of a secretary, dissatisfaction with compensation, dealing with aggressive patients, and the absence of physical exercise.
The aggression of dermatology patients: a national study (PO12-263)
Authors: B. Halioua*, C. Taieb, N. Jouan
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
In parallel with the previous study on burnout (PO12-259. Burnout in French dermatologists: a prospective nationwide study. N. Jouan, C. Taieb, B. Halioua), the same dermatologists shared the results of a survey on physical and verbal aggression towards French dermatologists. Of the 650 responding dermatologists (84% women), over 81% reported having dealt with demanding, aggressive or rude patients. The majority were women as well as dermatologists in business for less than 30 years. There was no connection to the number of days of consultations, weekly working time, the region, or the way of working. Less than 3% filed a complaint or police report, while another 3% hesitated to do so. Sixteen percent benefited from support (colleagues, psychiatrist, medical council). Such events have effects such as prompting dermatologists to consider retiring early; above all, they have consequences for families. There is also physical and verbal violence against French dermatologists. Its prevalence is underestimated despite it having major consequences for professional and family life.
Clinical and histological characteristics of the cutaneous manifestations of VEXAS syndrome: a centralised, retrospective study of 59 cases (CO06-052)
Clinical and histological characteristics of the cutaneous manifestations of VEXAS syndrome: a centralised, retrospective study of 59 cases
Authors:
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
VEXAS syndrome (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) is a late-onset auto-inflammatory disease caused by myeloid-restricted somatic mutations in the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) gene located on the X chromosome. It is associated with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations. The patients, who are often men, present with an altered general condition, fever, systemic manifestations such as chondritis, uveitis and thrombotic events, as well as biological findings such as cytopenia, myelodysplasia and less often, monoclonal gammopathy.
The skin is the most affected organ in 85-90% of cases and cutaneous involvement is often inaugural with features of neutrophilic dermatosis, livedo or cutaneous vasculitis.
This retrospective study aimed to review the clinical and histological aspects of VEXAS syndrome. It manifested mainly as often numerous and sometimes arcuate maculopapules and nodules, affecting the torso and face, that varied in size and colour; less often, it took the form of pustules, bullae or livedo. Histological analysis of the papulo-nodules and maculopapular exanthema showed a perivascular and interstitial dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes, myeloid precursors and dysplastic neutrophils, sometimes with capillary thrombosis and leukocytoclasia but without true vasculitis.
Overall, the spectrum of cutaneous lesions in VEXAS is characterised by great heterogeneity. VEXAS syndrome should be considered in patients ≥ 60 years presenting with general symptoms, systemic inflammation and cutaneous infiltrates showing neutrophilic dermatosis with immature myeloid cells.
Prevalence of perceived stigma and coping strategies in patients with Verneuil’s disease in France (PO13-267)
Author: Dr. Bruno Halioua (Paris)
Stigma and coping: understanding to take action (FO26)
Author: Prof. Pierre Vabres (Dijon)
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
The prevalence of perceived stigma and coping strategies in adult patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is high. In a study focusing on 544 patients (78% women, average age 37), 89.3% reported feelings of embarrassment or self-consciousness associated with HS. Factors predicting perceived stigma were a younger age; moderate or severe disease; and the presence of itching, pain or burning. Patients perceiving stigma were less satisfied with their medical care. 96.5% of patients reported an aesthetic inconvenience and >94% expressed dissatisfaction with their appearance. Patients with VD often report coping strategies: they do not take part in family or work events, do not go on holiday or do not participate in leisure activities; they avoid photographs and selfies and choose clothes suited to their disease.
Moreover, during the FO26 - Stigma and coping: understanding to take action forum, Bruno Halioua explained the major impact of discharge and odour on the patient’s sexuality. The consequences of these secretions include shame and isolation due to fear of a negative reaction, concealment of lesions, and the use of fragrances and dressings. HS has a stronger impact on sexuality than other chronic dermatoses (prurigo, bullous diseases, psoriasis, etc.). Dermatologists should consider these psychological disturbances that are often difficult to take into account because patients do not always dare to express them. The development of appropriate patient education tools would help shed light on their psychological distress.
Managing microsporic tinea after the age of griseofulvin: a true challenge (PO09-169)
Author: Dr. Nour el Imene Ouni (Monastir)
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
The disappearance of griseofulvin from the market is problematic in terms of the management of tinea infections in children. The only current alternatives available are terbinafine and itraconazole.
A Tunisian prospective study assessed the efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of microsporic tinea (Microsporum canis) at “high” doses (> 6 mg/kg/day) with monitoring after four weeks. If improvement was observed, treatment was continued for another two weeks. If there was no response, sequential therapy with itraconazole was administered with doses based on body weight (> 40 kg: 200 mg/day; 20-40 kg: 100 mg/day; 10-19 kg: 50 mg/day). The sequential regimen (a seven-day cycle and then stoppage for three weeks, with a maximum of five courses) was proposed due to issues involving the cost of itraconazole for families. A liver panel test was performed before terbinafine and before each course of itraconazole. Children weighing under 10 kg were excluded. Thirteen children were treated (average age 5.7 years, average dose of terbinafine 7.6 mg/kg). Only two children were cured with terbinafine, while four showed partial improvement. With itraconazole, the number of courses ranged from one to five. Tolerance was excellent. Sequential therapy with terbinafine – itraconazole could be relevant for the management of microscopic tinea.
Extensive cutaneous dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton indotineae: also a possibility in children (PO06-131)
Author: Dr. Sabine Karaa (Paris)
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
Trichophyton indotineae is an emerging dermatophyte in developing countries whose spread is now global and whose unique feature is terbinafine resistance due to mutations in the squalene epoxidase enzyme. It should be considered in adults and children having extensive isolated cutaneous infections resistant to topical treatments (topical azoles) and also in contexts of travel to at-risk areas (Central/Southern Asia). Trichophyton indotineae is a species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex that can only be identified via molecular biology. Treatment with itraconazole lasts six weeks; family members should be tested and long-term follow-up should also be proposed.
Aetiological diagnosis of macroglossia: literature review and proposal of a diagnostic algorithm (PO16-293)
Author: E. Dietrich (Angers)
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
Teams from Angers and Tours proposed a diagnostic algorithm for macroglossia based on an extensive literature review (1096 abstracts reviewed). The algorithm is reproduced in Figure 1. Amyloidosis, endocrinopathies, myopathies and tumours are the most frequent acquired causes, whereas for congenital forms, the causes include lymphatic anomalies, aneuploidy (Down syndrome, etc.) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (or exomphalos-macroglossia-gigantism syndrome, OMIM 130650).
Atopic dermatitis in childhood: 10 clinical situations (FMC 63)
Speaker: Dr. Hélène Aubert
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
Some reminders on topical treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD) in childhood, especially topical corticosteroids, are always welcome. As for formulations, it should be noted that ointments are suitable for lichenified, hyperkeratotic and dry areas. They should be avoided in skin folds. Creams are suitable for oozing areas, skin folds and large skin surfaces, lotions for areas with hair and for skin folds, and gels for the scalp. Preparations can be proposed for very large surfaces. Age, the location of the lesions, the size of the area to be treated and the oozing nature of the lesions are criteria that affect the chosen class of topical corticosteroids. The strategy for using topical corticosteroids is reviewed in Figure 2.
Tacrolimus (0.03% in children over the age of two and 0.1% from the age of 16) is mainly suitable for atopic dermatitis of the face in adolescents and young adults. It is poorly tolerated in children and should be proposed as maintenance therapy following treatment with a topical corticosteroid. It is not recommended for severe flare-ups of AD, nummular forms, or forms affecting the extremities. However, it is now established that tacrolimus does not increase the long-term risk of cancer in children with AD.
The new treatments that may emerge on the market in the near future include crisaborole (a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor), which already has MA in North America; delgocitinib (a pan-JAK and TYK2 inhibitor), available in Japan; ruxolitinib (a JAK 1 and 2 inhibitor), which has MA for vitiligo; and lastly, roflumilast 0.3% (a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor), which has an affinity 25 to 300 times higher than crisaborole).
Traditional tattoos in Morocco (PO11-251)
Author: S. Bouabdella (Oujda)
Report written by Dr. Nicolas Kluger
Traditional tattoos in Morocco can still be found among elderly women; however, this cultural practice is disappearing, as younger generations are turning to “modern” tattoos. This prospective single-centre study carried out in Oujda aimed to better characterise this practice. In total, 119 patients (92% women, average age 70) were included. In order of frequency, the tattoos were located primarily on the forehead (74%), wrist (67%), and chin (56%). Age at the time of the 1st tattoo was 15 years, with around two tattoos per woman. None were done by a professional tattoo artist. Most of the time, they were done by a friend or family member. In 96% of cases, they were drawn with a needle and kohl, sometimes with the addition of green wheat juice (34%). In order of frequency, the reasons included beauty (29%), belonging (19%), protection (14%), therapy (12%) and fertility (7.5%). The few men with tattoos had gotten them for therapeutic reasons (headaches, osteoarthritis). Note that 83% regretted their tattoos, mainly due to religion.
Speakers: Dr. Julie De Labarthe, Dr. Jacques Lulin, Prof. Noureddine Litaiem, Dr. Jean Michel Amici and Dr. Olivier Cogrel
Report written by Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet
After excising the lesion, it is important to analyse tissue movement by asking 3 questions:
The following is important:
Medium size arterioles should be sutured with an X stitch and not electrocoagulated.
Apply compression bandages and fasten them to avoid tampering.
This is linked to the spread of bleeding on around D3 to a lower, more lax area in patients on VKA. There is no impact on healing nor tissue suffering. Patients should just be warned as it is very obvious and therefore concerning.
If liquid, they should be punctured.
If there are blisters, they should be emptied, haemostasis resumed and a suitable bandage reapplied. There are risks of necrosis and superinfection.
To avoid these: * shave hair to allow for better cleaning
* at orifices, particularly if skin is seborrhoeic, apply bactroban ointment to the nostrils and mupiderm ointment to the ears. Consider prescribing zelitrex if there is a history of herpes on the lip or lip surgery.
By way of prevention, early photoprotection with mineral screen should be considered. During surgery, the skin should be handled delicately (Gillis crochet) with a deep plane, avoiding tight sutures and superficial stitches with non-absorbable thread. Then address the inflammation, applying bandages, hydrocolloids, treating infection and using dermocorticoid drugs.
Tranexamic acid injections (100mg/ml twice, one month apart) have been tested on scars with encouraging results and few side effects.
It is important to enquire as to a history of keloid scars and recommend against any unnecessary surgery if it is a risk.
By way of prevention, it is important to control tension around the wound.
Late injection of corticosteroids into the lesion (40mg/1ml on D15 with xylocain adrenalin solution, retro-tracing and in array until blanching. Then apply a wound bandage (silicone or hydrocolloid). Repeat every 6 weeks.
This relieves itching and pain. Follow-up from 18 to 24 months.
Always add a compression: compressive clothes, face mask.
Triple therapy should be applied: excision of the keloid scar retaining the wound cover + IL corticosteroids + compression. We consider scars to be stable after 18 months.
- Imiquimod with fractionated laser
- Bleomycin: no MA
- 5% FU
- Radiotherapy and brachytherapy
- Phenolisation
EHS above all involves the nose (tip, wing, canthi) and then the flaps. They onset early at D15. They are asymptomatic but sensitive to pressure. Spontaneous regression is possible but still partial. To avoid them, it is important to apply a fixing stitch deep down. To treat them, IL corticosteroids can be injected from D15 or D45.
The toxin has been found to improve scars in multiple studies. It acts on the fibroblasts and reduces muscle mobilisation. It therefore needs to be injected deep into the muscle and superficially into the dermis.
Scar management is an integral part of surgery. They should be reviewed at 1, 3 and 6 months.
Speaker: Dr Nicolas Kluger
Report written by Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet
Between 18 and 20% of adults have at least one tattoo. More women have tattoos than men.
The reasons vary depending on the continent. In Europe and the USA, it is most often to commemorate an event, whilst in Russia it is seen as beautifying the body and in Asian countries, it is done for love.
In France, tattoo artists must declare their business to their ARS (regional health authority). They must complete mandatory training on health and hygiene rules and provide the ARS with certification of this.
They undertake to inform their customers of the risks involved and precautions to be taken, to respect general rules and good practices of health and hygiene and to sign an agreement for waste disposal (DASRI).
In tattoo consults, 75% of patients seen by Dr Kluger describe problems with tattoos, 7% have problems with permanent make-up and 20% simply want information before getting a tattoo.
It is very difficult to find out the exact composition of inks and labels are not reliable. An ink contains pigments, binders, solvents and additives. Attempts have been made at implementing regulations but they are difficult to standardise across the whole of the EU.
Most of the time, it is the colour red that is the culprit (70% of cases). This gives rise to eczema-type reactions that appear in 43% of cases quickly (in less than a month) but reactions can be seen for up to a year after the tattoo. Allergological tests are pointless because the allergen is not in the ink, rather the problem lies in the haptenisation of the tattooed skin, which is responsible for the reaction. Small test tattoos serve no purpose.
The colour and its derivatives should therefore be contraindicated and cold colours recommended.
It onsets rapidly. It is temporary and benign.
The erythema overruns the tattoo. It is important to look for topical products and disinfectants to apply to patients.
This corresponds to the spread of ink in fat, it is how tattoos end up blurring deep down. This complication is permanent. It affects women most often in the inner arms and thighs. Laser therapy can be offered to patients.
This is a rare complication whose risk factors are spending a long time lying down and the presence of varicose veins.
This is an open wound or traumatic excoriations over the whole of the tattoo, which onsets immediately after performance, with bleeding or unusual secretions followed by extensive scabbing and prolonged scarring (D1 to D31).
Recommend oily healing creams and antibiotics if there is any suspicion of superinfection.
This complication occurs quickly or more slowly depending on the quantity of inoculum. The most frequent are on grey, as tattoo artists mix black with distilled or tap water to make the colour. Consider calling the tattoo artist to look for other cases.
Always assess sarcoidosis.
There are 3 possible scenarios: it is an isolated granuloma without sarcoidosis, it is a sarcoidosis on the tattoo or it is a reaction of a known sarcoidosis.
Granulomas and sarcoidosis on tattoos may also be caused by targeted cancer treatments.
Another entity requires understanding: the association of uveitis and sarcoidosis granulomas with or without systemic sarcoidosis. These forms of uveitis are often resistant to treatment and recovery has been described after tattoo removal.
Nodules can be treated with dermocorticoids, tacrolimus, hydroquinidine, cyclines or methotrexate or alternatively we can simply wait as some disappear spontaneously.
They appear on average-aged tattoos, which are red, exposed to the sun, inflammatory or traumatised.
Some of our patients with dermatosis want to have a tattoo. We can offer them some advice:
To date, any association of tattoos with skin cancer is purely coincidental. There is no link to myeloma and lymphoma. For the rest, no data is available. Notably on nanoparticles and bowel cancer.
There is nickel in the ink but there is no CI to date. Discuss the risks of an eczema flare-up with the patient.
Black and brown pigments contain iron oxide, particularly old tattoos. During an MRI, tingling, pain or burning sensations may occur. This can disturb the images if regarding the area of interest.
No increased risk of transmittable infection after tattooing, piercing or acupuncture if carried out in a country where conditions are regulated.
Mothers are recommended to wait at least 9 to 12 months after birth, so that the baby is no longer dependent on breast milk alone.
Speakers: Dr. Marie Boileau, Dr. Claire Laumaillé-Cadiou, Dr. Christian Derancourt, Dr. Catherine Pannequin, Dr. Mathieu Bataille and Dr. Anne-Celine Davaine
Report written by Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet
The healthcare industry releases 46 million tonnes of CO2, accounting for 8% of the national total.
The first question to be asked is how the healthcare industry emissions break down, so as to know what levers to use.
Electricity consumption accounts for 3% of emissions, heating/climate control and medical gas account for 10% of emissions. 87% are represented by the purchase of medicines, medical devices (MDs), the transport of employees and patients.
How to decarbonise the healthcare system with reducing access to care and quality of care. The following is important:
We can act on our prescriptions, our digital consumption and waste, to start.
Speaker: Dr. Claire Laumaillé-Cadiou
EDs have been known for more than 60 years now. In 2021, there are 906 substances classified as EDs. They may be natural or synthetic chemical substances, foreign to the body and which may interfere with the function of the endocrine system and thus have negative effects on this organism or its descendants. We find them in cosmetics, pesticides, medicines, synthesis hormones, phytohormones (soy), heavy metals, plastics, flame-retardants and anti-adhesives. Certain pathologies are associated with EDs: congenital malformations, reproductive disorders, hormone-dependent cancers (breast, prostate, testicular, thyroid, ovarian?), metabolic disorders (obesity and diabetes), neurodevelopmental disorders (reduced IQ, autistic spectrum disorder, attention disorder, hyperactivity) and neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and SLA).
The problem is that we do not know the toxic dose, if the effect is proportional to dose, if there is a cocktail effect, a deferred effect, epigenetic or transgenerational effect like Diethylstilbestrol. It varies according to the different periods of life. In actual fact, periods of vulnerability are pre-conception, pregnancy, the first 1000 days and adolescence.
In cosmetics, EDs are:
Nanoparticles enable a larger exchange surface and are more reactive, but there is no specific MA for a nanoparticle and the legal obligation for labelling is not very well respected. The risk to health and the environment is not very well-known.
Toxicity is carried out via deep penetration in the organism, the production of cytotoxic free radicals, interaction with DNA and the increased passage of other molecules (the “trojan horse” effect).
The titanium dioxide used in cosmetics like sunscreens, white dye and texture. It is classified as carcinogenic by inhalation in the form of powder.
These are essentially disposable packaging (around 1500 tonnes/year of cosmetic containers end up in microplastics in the water environment. There is an ever-increasing carbon footprint during their production. In addition, recyclable plastic does not necessarily mean recycled plastic.
Micro and nanoplastics are due to the deterioration of macroplastics. There are vectors for chemical pollutants and vector-borne diseases.
Sunscreens are OTC cosmetics, without MA, without any clear evidence of efficacy in terms of their prevention of skin cancer, with nano risks, the risks of ED, contained in plastic, whose consumption is growing and that have environmental toxicity.
Speaker: Dr. Christian Derancourt
There are 3 vulnerability periods for which we need to be more attentive: pre-conception - pregnancy, the first 1000 days and adolescence. We have a duty to general information in respect of EDs.
It is therefore important to avoid prescribing cosmetics for healthy skin during these periods.
It is important to assess the risks and benefits, when prescribing them. For example, do not use emollients to prevent ED as studies have shown that this serves no purpose. There is no evidence of emollients in premature babies in preventing infection. Emollients have no impact in preventing food allergies.
In these situations of prevention with no evidence of efficacy in people without symptoms, the risks outweigh the benefits.
For inflammatory pathologies, conclusions will be drawn by the enviderm working group.
In terms of sunscreens, there as as yet no precise recommendations given by the enviderm group. It is important to privilege protective clothing and non-exposure during periods of vulnerability. Prefer products with labels including words such as “nature” and “progress”.
It is important to sensitise patients to the risk, explaining to them that they should:
A guide to the use of private practice doctors has been published by the PACA (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) URPS (Regional Union of Health Professionals). It contains practical cases. It can be requested or downloaded from http://www.urps-ml-paca.com
Speaker: Dr. Anne-Celine Davaine
Dangerous chemical agents are labelled with pictograms explaining the physical dangers, the risks to health, the environment and aquatic organisms.
For us, there are chemical risks
These molecules penetrate the skin and inside air. It is therefore important to ventilate our surgeries even outside COVID.
Plastics also have a pictogram; it resembles a green triangle with a figure inside. Classes 1-2-5 are recyclable. Classes !-3-7 are dangerous to health.
What should we do?
Speaker: Dr. Anne-Celine Davaine
There is treatment waste that is
- DASRI: elimination traceability
- Chemical waste: recovery of containers by the manufacturer or specialised waste disposal operators
- Medicines: cyclamed
- The light tubes of phototherapy machines
There are classic waste types:
To reduce our waste, we an apply the rule of the Rs:
Speaker: Dr. Catherine Pannequin
In 2020, digital accounted for 10% of world electricity consumption and 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, of which 25% came from data centres, 28% from infrastructures (networks, aerials) and 47% from equipment.
Equipment requires rare metals for its manufacture, which consumes water, transport and reduces our reserves. They are difficult to recycle (20% recycled, 4% buried or incinerated and 19% not managed).
It is important to keep material for as long as possible and to have polyvalent machines (printers, scanners, photocopiers), which reduces the number of items of equipment. By extending the life of the material from 2 to 4 years, the environmental impact can be reduced by 50%.
Switch off your equipment, a printer consumes 80% while on stand-by. Unplug chargers that are not being used by telephones, multi-sockets and boxes. Avoid stand-by mode (= 2 nuclear plants a year)
Avoid switching to 5G, your material will be obsolete more quickly. Purchase reconditioned material IT use.
Every little thing we do, has a cost. Internet pollutes 1.5 times more than air transport.
An internet search = 6g CO2
An e-mail saved = 10g CO2
An e-mail sent = 10g CO2
An e-mail sent with an attachment = 35g CO2
Information travels underground and under the sea via optic fibre.
To save, we need to empty mailboxes, dropbox, googledrive, photos, not “reply all”, add websites you use frequently to favourites and reduce the volume of attachments. By setting a smartphone to wifi, it consumes 4 times less energy that in 4G. Avoid the cloud, saving documents to external hard drives instead.
Use less energy-intensive browsers than Google Chrome, like Ecosia or Lilo.
Display webinars in low definition. Choose SMS messages over WhatsApp and Mail.
It is important to think things through in this all-digital era, considering paperless orders, given that a paper order weighing 20g sent by post consumes 18g CO2!
The impact of digital on our health.
Digital is responsible:
There is no data available on 4G and 5G frequency bandwidths nor on low frequency electromagnetic waves emitted by our portable telephones (carcinogenic role for humans?).
In conclusion: it is worth reflecting on the role of digital in a world with less and less energy, defining priorities for a societal reflection and envisage a conversion fro high-tech to low-tech.
Report written by Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet
Speaker: Prof. Thierry Passeron
- if the damage is limited, prescribe 0.1% tacrolimus twice a week, with no need for solar exposure. The risk reduces from 40% to 9.7%. Dermocorticoid drugs are probably just as effective but this has not been proven.
- if the damage is widespread, UVB can be suggested from 2 to 4 times a month by way of maintenance treatment. This is the opinion of an expert, not of a study.
A prospective, randomised, blind placebo study has shown that the association of gastro-protected SOD and UVB allows for twice as much repigmentation at 6 months than placebo and UVB. This food supplement was given at a dose of 500mg 2x/day for 3 months, followed by 500mg/day for 3 months and associated with UVB twice a week. Tolerance was excellent and there were no side effects.
A study carried out on patients aged over 12 years old shows greater efficacy on the face than on the body. Tolerance is good, without any severe reaction at the application sites. Side effects are essentially folliculitis and minor pruritus. In July 2022, the FDA gave its authorisation. MA is expected for Europe for early 2023.
Probable interest in oral JAK inhibitors but needs to be confirmed, notably for non-facial damage. Some zones are still very difficult to re-pigment with these approaches (hands and feet). Tolerance is good. Studies are needed in association with UVB.
Speaker: Prof. Julien Séneschal
There are 4 study models for JAK inhibitors in skin inflammatory diseases:
In alopecia, the JAK inhibitors tested are baricitinib and ritlecitinib. They are effective in moderate to severe alopecia. To obtain results, treatment is lengthy (24 to 36 months). The response is best if the alopecia is recent and not universal or completely balding.
In AD, we test upadacitinib, abrocitinib and baricitinib. The topical route is currently being assessed.
In psoriasis, we test deucravacitinib.
In severe granuloma annulare and sarcoidosis, tofacitinib is tested. It reduces inflammatory markers.
Numerous indications still need to be considered: chronic eczema in the hands, cutaneous lupus, GVH, prurigo, Verneuil's disease, systemic sclerosis, morphea and dermatomyositis.
The topical route allows for local skin immune regulation without skin atrophy, which allows for maintenance treatment of the face or genital area with only minor to moderate, local side effects. This route is not possible for all indications and is not suitable for a large area of skin.
The oral route is an alternative to SC injections of biotherapies. They have a broader effect that is of interest for more complex pathologies with more heterogeneous phenotypes and patients with multiple inflammatory pathologies. The clinical efficacy is rapid but the half-life is short, meaning that recurrence occurs after stopping. It is important to monitor for infection, cancer risk, cardiovascular accidents and the risk of deep vein thrombosis.
Speaker: Dr. Gentiane Monsel
Monkeypox or MPOX belongs to the Poxviridae family, like smallpox, vaccinia and cowpox. The current epidemic peaked in July-August. The outbreak has been limited thanks to modified behaviour of MSMs (reduced number of partners and reduced use of sexual meet-up applications), the efficacy of vaccination, the speed with which cases were handled and, perhaps, a reduced pathogenicity of the virus.
Transmission is by direct skin-mucosa contact with an infected patient, most frequently during sexual relations or respiratory secretions. Indirect transmission is possible by contaminated objects or laundry. Transmission to animals is possible.
The population at risk are MSMs, HIV positive patients, PrEP and ChemSex users, patients with a history of STDs and patients who have had more than 5 partners in the last 3 months.
Clinical expressions consist of:
These appear 3 to 14 days after infection, there are umbilical pustules, ulcerations, black crusts associated with inflammatory, satellite and painful adenopathies. We see them on the genitalia, anus, oropharynx and skin.
There are also complications: impetigo, dermo-hypodermitis, abscesses and scarring.
Diagnosis is clinical first and foremost but a PCR should be carried out if symptoms are non-typical or the contamination context is not characterised. It is important to swab a mucosal lesion for preference and send it triple packed to a suitable laboratory, group 3 viral agent.
It is important to search for the other STDs, starting with blood tests for HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis and a PCR for gonococcus infection and chlamydia trachomatis. For isolation purposes, the report must be completed by an anal, pharyngeal and vaginal PCR for gonococcus infection and chlamydia trachomatis. A sexual health consult after isolation is strongly recommended.
Probablistic syndromic treatment of other STDs should be applied depending on the forms:
It is a disease that must be declared on an updated CERFA (administrative form review and registration centre) form.
It calls for 21 days of isolation from when symptoms start and until complete healing (disappearance of crusts). If going out, a mask is mandatory, along with covering clothing, gloves or bandages.
A condom must be used during sexual relations for up to 8 weeks after complete hearing, as the virus remains in sperm.
Treatment is symptomatic. Corticosteroids and NSAIDs are contraindicated. An antiviral treatment, Tecovirimat, may be prescribed in immunosuppressed individuals.
Vaccination using 3rd generation vaccines (Imvanex, Jynneos) is important:
Speaker: Prof. Valérie Pourcher
Assessment recommended with the start of biotherapy.
Lifestyle, profession, travel, infection
Comorbidity, history (notably of infectious diseases)
Presence of foreign material
Smoking
HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV, toxoplasmosis, chicken pox (if no known history)
Depending on context: dental consult, gynaecology consult
Screening for latent tuberculosis: radiography of the lung and quantiFERON®
Vaccination is important, if possible before starting treatment and better during a period when the disease is quiescent.
The impact of immune-modulating treatments is variable. The immunogenicity of vaccines persists in patients treated with anti IL/TNF/JAK but reduces on anti-CD20 antibodies and corticotherapy.
Live vaccines are contraindicated in subjects treated with immune suppressant drugs, with biotherapy or oral corticotherapy at immune suppressant doses (>10mg).
DPT should be repeated every 10 years
Vaccine those around the patient
COVID vaccination (2 to 3 doses at 1 month intervals followed by a booster dose 3 months later)
Anti-pneumococcal vaccination is recommended as well as influenza and HPV.
There is no recommendation in respect of vaccinating against chicken pox. Consider this above all if thinking of using a TNF inhibitor.
If HBsAg + and anti HBs Ac and anti HBc Ac are negative: assign curative treatment
If anti HBc Ac + anti HBsAg and Ac are negative (possible concealed hepatitis B infection): pre-emptive treatment.
If anti-HBs Ac and HBc + and HBsAg are negative: monitoring or pre-emptive treatment
Speakers: Dr. Annick Barbaud, Dr. Brigitte Milpied and Dr. Nathalia Bellon
Report written by Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet
CE is children is frequent. Contact sensitisation is found in 40-50% of children tested. CE is responsible for 20% of dermatitis seen in children. It is possible at any age and frequency increases with age. The pertinence of positive tests in children is between 56.4 and 93.3%. Co-sensitisation is found in 3.2 to 54.4%.
Importance of targeted interview.
We need to look for the 6 exposure methods:
The action needs to be reproduced as it may be relevant when looking for allergens
If diving or water sports clothes are suspected, thioureas are most often the culprit.
If shin pads are suspected, the allergen involved is acetophenone azine. Allergologists have no reason to test them.
It is responsible for post-vaccination granulomas on the thighs. Children are sensitised through vaccines. This does not, under any circumstances, make vaccination contraindicated. This allergy reduces over time.
The risk factors are premature birth, a family history of granuloma, female gender and a young maternal age.
One third of atopic dermatitis (AD) explored by patch tests have a contact allergy. The search for a contact allergy must be an integral part of exploration of AD.
The allergens found are the same as in the general population but topical medicines (antibiotics, dermocorticoids (DCs), emollients) are more frequent.
The risk factors of sensitisation to topical products are the severity of the AD, the early onset of the AD and IgE-mediated sensitisation.
It is important to test
A standard set of “child” tests is run as well as specialised sets. Topical treatments of AD must always be tested. The reading is often difficult to interpret. Irritation is a frequent reaction seen (pustular or follicular reaction with metals). Late readings are important through to D7 for CD.
Complications are possible during testing: flare-up of the AD and “angry back”.
Conclusion of the 2022 seminar, organised SFD (French Society of Dermatology) test centre and SFD themed group on facial dermatoses (“DEFI”).
Report written by Dr. Joséfina Marco Bonnet
Pharmacological epidemiological studies do not show any risk of suicide associated with isotretinoin on a population scale, nor any trigger effect of suicidal behaviour. By contrast, pharmacovigilance data shows a chronological and biological plausibility as to why isotretinoin plays a role in reported suicides. This calls for close monitoring of the psychiatric risk.
The board proposes:
The number of pregnancies while on isotretinoin has been stable since 2012 (175/year) despite the measures in place.
The board proposes:
TGs increase by 20 to 40% before stabilising. High hyperTG (>5g/l) is rare (0.7%) and onsets during the first 2 to 3 months. Only 3 cases of pancreatitis have been described in women aged over 35 years old with pre-existing hyperTG and TG above 20g/l.
The board proposes a de-escalation of biological monitoring: TG, ASAT and ALAT to be dosed only at M0 and M3 unless there is an identified risk.
No. There is no clinical pertinence in respect of this time frame of a year before starting treatment. Acne is a chronic pathology and patients have often had cyclines at some point before. Some clinical pictures are particularly at risk of permanent scarring and it should be possible to prescribe isotretinoin from the outset (follow the French SFD/HAS [French National Authority for Health]) guidelines to the correct use of isotretinoin and the absence of loss of opportunity).
Prescription outside the MA
Considering the scarring risk of hyperpigmentation, this should become an indication. The board has implemented the ETHNIC trial. This is a therapeutic trial during acne in dark phototype patients (4 to 6), comparing early introduction oral isotretinoin vs classic strategy (hospital clinical research programme filed). It will allow for the strengthening of the recommendation made by the HAS: prescribing isotretinoin in first line in patients at risk of scarring.
Is there any interest in early treatment of AFA with isotretinoin, even if moderate, to obtain long-term benefits in respect of the evolution of the acne? Is there an optimal dose and duration of isotretinoin for AFA? Should a link or association with aldactone be considered to counterbalance the increased serum rates of S-DHEA observed on isotretinoin in some studies?
The board proposes studying and assessing these different propositions.
The board proposes
The board proposes both treatment through repeated administration and prolonged treatment. The choice must ultimately take into account the patient’s opinion.
Board proposals:
Speaker: Prof. Laurent Misery
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
Naltrexone (MA for alcoholism), gabapentin and pregabalin (epilepsy, anxiety, neuropathic pain)
Psychotropic drugs, psychoanalysis, analytical psychotherapies, relaxation, biofeedback, yoga, sophrology, CBT: cognitive behavioural therapies, brief therapies, hypnosis, meditation, therapeutic education, supportive psychotherapy, role of society and social circle
MA for depression, anxiety, neuropathic pain, of interest in neuropathic pruritus
Distinct disease defined by the presence of chronic pruritus for at least 6 weeks, a history and/or signs of repeated scratching, and multiple localised or generalised pruritic skin lesions (whitish or pinkish papules, nodules and/or plaques) due to neural sensitisation to pruritus and the development of a vicious pruritus-scratching cycle (initial pruritus may be of any origin)
MA for AD, asthma, nasosinus polyposis
Speaker: Dr. Joachim WF
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
Documentation of pruritus intensity
Pruritus
- Primary workup: FBC/platelets, liver workup, renal function, TSH, total IgE, blood glucose, abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, LDH
- Complementary workup according to the clinic and etiological orientation: microbiological samples, allergological diagnosis, skin biopsy, bone biopsy, BP180/230-antibodies, SPEP, AANS, tryptase, HIV, HBV, HCV serologies, other analyses
- Neuropathic pruritus: resulting from peripheral lesions
- Neurologic disorders
- Neurogenic-psychogenic pruritus: production of pruritogenic mediators in the CNS with no nerve lesions
In cases of chronic pruritus on initially non-lesional skin, one should consider internal-nephrologic, neurologic and psychiatric diseases as well as drug side effects.
Speakers: Fabienne BD, Valerie B., Olivier C.
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
If severe acne + bone age advance + early puberty → hormonal assessment
→ Therapeutic approach adapted to acne-prone preteens
→ EARLY treatment.
Appropriate hygiene care, topical retinoids; if mixed acne: combined treatment; no prolonged topical antibiotics; if topical treatment is insufficient and troublesome: per os antibiotics: short course of erythromycin or azithromycin.
Cl to cyclins if < 8 years of age.
After 3 months of stopping hormonal contraception
Between D2 and D5 of a spontaneous or duphastonⓇ-initiated cycle, in the morning
✓ Hcg, ✓ E2, LH, FSH, ✓ Total testosterone (+ SHBG in overweight patients), ✓ PRL, ✓ TSH, ✓ 17-OH progesterone.
Not recommended before 8 years post-menarche.
To be investigated
Recommendation #1
Combined oestrogen-progestin contraceptives are the first-line treatment.
Genetic predisposition in 50% of patients; CAG polymorphism of the androgen receptor is associated with severe acne in women; major role of androgens → peripheral hormonal pathology, normal hormonal balance, risks of antibiotic resistance
Acne severity, presence or absence of hyperandrogenism, hormonal workup results, response to previous treatments, psychological and social impact, possibility of pregnancy, risk of scarring
Nutrition, medication, pollutants, psychological & occupational factors
No link between premenstrual flare-ups and acne severity
Off-label use; used to treat acne since 1980; potassium-sparing diuretic; anti-androgenic action (sebogenesis inhibitor, 5α-reductase inhibitor, increases SHBG, reduces free testosterone); no antigonadotropic effect
Doses of between 50 and 200mg/day
Contraception recommended +++
Peak efficacy: 3-5 months
Average duration of treatment: 13 months
Results: 75% improvement
Same efficacy as cyclins
Efficacy on body acne
5% frequency: gynecomastia, dizziness, etc.
Decreased use of systemic antibiotics; decreased risk of selection of resistant C. acnes; few side effects, non-phototoxic, no systematic biological monitoring; potential combination with antibiotics, as a follow-up treatment to isotretinoin
In cases of moderate inflammatory acne, acne that is associated with hyperseborrhea and premenstrual flare-ups, acne that is resistant to conventional treatments, as an alternative to isotretinoin, in cases of moderate to severe acne, as a follow-up to AB or isotretinoin treatment, if acne is the result of Verneuil’s disease
topical (tretinoin, adapalene)
topical (erythromicin, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, fruit acids)
→ Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism
Speaker: Fabienne Ballanger
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
Antioxidants, niacinamide (nicotinamide), alpha-hydroxy acids, salicylic acid, lipo-hydroxy acid, glycolic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, retinaldehyde, zinc salts, fatty acids, oat plantlet extract
The combination of topical and cosmetic treatments improves tolerance and treatment compliance
Water-based products containing active ingredients to repair the skin barrier.
Moderate but chronic, recurrent acne
Management of minimal acne, synergistic effect with topical anti-acne treatment, management of side effects, maintenance treatment, prevention of new lesions, reduction of inflammation, strengthening of skin barrier
Increases self-confidence
Speaker: Prof. Brigitte Dréno
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
In terms of therapeutics: polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and could thus control acne inflammation
- Topical tacrolimus is a macrolide calcineurin A inhibitor approved for atopic dermatitis.
- It inhibits: T cell maturation and activation - VEGF with anti-angiogenic potential
- Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment once nightly in 8 patients with macular erythema sequelae induced a visible reduction in erythema in 5-7 weeks. Follow-up at 14 weeks: no signs of relapse. No local or systemic adverse effects
- Persistent activation of Wnt promotes the formation of junctional zone (JZ) cysts that strongly express stem cell markers
- Wnt activates the Hedgehog signalling cascade
- Retinoid acid can reduce comedonal cysts through dual inhibition of Hedgehog and Wnt signalling.
The therapeutic future:
- Vaccination: targeting virulence-related genes of C. acnes
- Bacteriophage: acne is found in the pilosebaceous unit, with potential phage therapy targeting C. acnes
- Bacteriotherapy (topical and oral): variety of isolated bacterial products or various bacterial species (bacterial transplants, probiotics (live bacteria)/prebiotics (bacterial extracts), pro/prebiotics combination, postbiotics: AMP
1. Targeting the skin microbiome
- Probiotics, prebiotics
- Antimicrobial peptides (postbiotics)
- Bacteriophages: potential phagotherapy targeting C. acnes 1A1
- Bacterial transplantation
2. Targeting innate immunity
- TLR inhibitors
- Anti-IL1, anti-IL17 biologics
3. Targeting C. acnes
- Vaccination (anti-CAMP)
- Biofilm inhibitors (Myrtacine)
Speaker: Dr. Jean-Paul Claudel
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
The most popular “alternative” or “complementary” medicines
osteopathy, hypnosis, meditation, relaxation, mesotherapy, aromatherapy, homoeopathy, traditional Chinese medicine/acupuncture, Ayurvedic medicine, “alternative” or “complementary” medicines, etc.
Aromatherapy: “essential” oil is not an oil!
By steam distillation: hydrolysate (or floral water) and essential oil
Hydrodistillation (oleoresins, flowers, sawdust): immersed plant
By mechanical processes: citrus
By dry distillation (juniper and birch)
The same plant can produce several EOs
Bitter orange (bigarade orange) -> neroli, bitter orange, & small grain bigarade essential oils
Aromatherapy glossary
But where does it come from?
Essential oil: biochemical cocktail
Not all that gentle...
Phototoxicity/photoallergy
To be avoided during pregnancy
CRAT opinion on EO
General recommendations during breastfeeding = those of pregnancy
Risk of EO endocrine disruption?
Derek V Henley et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 1; 356 (5): 479-85.
Anti-androgenic action of several compounds in vitro
Niaouli EO (Melaleuca viridiflora)
Many in vitro and in vivo studies and published reviews
What about EO and acne?
Synergistic action? Tea tree EO and Cymbopogon martinii EO (palmarosa)
Homoeopathy’s 3 principles
The law of similars [principle of like cures like], the law of infinitesimal doses [principle of dilution] in terms of the active substance • DH= dilution of 1/10th, CH = dilution of 1/100th, and the law of individualisation and globality
Homeopathic medicines are not all the same!
In conclusion
Speaker: Prof. Thierry Passeron
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
How to recognise an active form of vitiligo: Koebnerss phenomenon, blurred edges, confetti depigmentation
Active vitiligo should be treated as an emergency
Corticosteroids
Stops progression in over 85% of cases
Stops progression in over 85% of cases
Side effects: weight gain, insomnia, acne, agitation, etc.
Other approaches: methotrexate, ciclosporin, minocycline (100mg per day), simvastine: 40 mg/day
Treatment of active vitiligo with atorvastin + UVB. Note: UVB effective in stopping progression, atorvastin does not add to UVB treatment
How to block a flare-up:
E.g., medrol 16 mg twice a week in an adult, 8 mg in a child, max. of 3 months in puberty
Interest in associating UVB and OMP in very active forms, blocks relapses in over 90% of cases
Gastro-protected SOD and vitiligo
Rational
SOD (superoxide dismutase) = key antioxidant enzyme
Protection of its digestive degradation by gliadin
Robust data showing its efficacy in animals and humans
Interest in the treatment of vitiligo?
Gastro-protected SOD and vitiligo
Speaker: Prof. Khaled Ezzedine
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
- Importance of initial assessment: Wood’s lamp examination
- Initial assessment: may influence the screening of autoimmune and auto-inflammatory pathologies.
- Importance of knowing and evaluating the VES (Vitiligo Extent Score), a disease extension score. But no evaluation of inflammation or potential for evolution.
- No obvious clinical signs of skin inflammation in vitiligo
- Signs of vitiligo’s rapid progression include trichromatic vitiligo, confetti vitiligo, and Koebner phenomenon
- Assess signs of vitiligo activity with the VSAS score:
- Lesions that respond best to treatment:
- Quality of life and vitiligo: vitiligo has a major impact on patients’ quality of life
- Important quality of life factors:
- Factors affecting quality of life:
Speaker: Prof. Julien Seneschal
Report written by Dr. Christian Muteba Baseke
- Motivation and disease impact: treatment is long (more than 6 months) and daily
- Define the areas with the best chances of repigmentation with the patient:
- Updated international expert recommendation being finalised:
- Patients’ opinion out of a sample of 325: 49% felt that treatment was not effective, 50% were not satisfied with their current treatment
- Evaluation of the efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% for facial involvement in 42 patients: tracolimus 0.1% twice daily for 6 months:
- Tracolimus 0.1%: of interest in maintaining facial repigmentation:
- Tracolimus 0.1% twice weekly vs. placebo twice weekly
- Assessment by 2 independent evaluators via standardised photographs: 40% of lesions depigmented in the placebo group and 9.7% in the tracolimus group, no significant difference in terms of vitiligo activity between the 2 groups, 1st effective treatment to prevent recurrence.
Speakers: Dr. Laurence Le Cleach, Dr. Patricia Senet and Prof. Émilie Sbidian
Report written by Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet
This presentation allowed us to address various pathologies seen frequently in the clinic and to compare our practices to those suggested by the most recent systematic reviews.
Patients aged 12 and up
1. 2nd generation antihistamines at one dose per day
2. In case of failure at a single dose:
3. In case of failure at quadruple dose:
4. Recent treatments:
5. Among systemic treatments, note that cyclosporin, dapsone, hydroxychloroquine, zafirlukast, ligelizumab and omalizumab have shown better results than placebo
1. Multiple systemic treatments are available:
2. Anti-IL 17 and anti-IL 23 treatments are the most effective according to current data
3. Psoriatic arthritis*
4. In patients with psoriasis, anti-TNFs may be associated with weight gain, but not with anti-IL 12/23 and anti-IL 17 treatments
1. Recurrence rate is lowest with:
2. Recurrence rate is highest with:
Risk of developing vulvar cancer in patients with lichen sclerosus or lichen planus
1. No meta-analysis
2. Lichen sclerosus
3. Lichen planus
Speakers: Dr. E. Laffitte, R. André and Dr. Marie Jachiet
Report written by Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet
Supported by clinical cases, our speakers presented an overview of the underlying causes and treatment of cutaneous signs associated with systemic involvement.
A. Request an evaluation in atypical forms
- Cardiac ultrasound for embolisms, doppler and/or CT angio for Buerger’s
B. Verify medication history
C. Treatment
1. Non-pharmacological
2. Pharmacological
- Sildenafil shortens ulcer healing time, but limited activity with Raynaud
- Also shortens ulcer healing time
- Active on digital ulcerations, but only to prevent recurrence
- Possible option in case of ulcers
A. Benign vascular acrosyndrome, linked to hypersensitivity to cold
B. Recurrent macular/oedematous acral lesions
C. If atypical: pseudo-chilblain (lupus or haemopathy) or differential diagnosis
D. Typical conditions:
- Under age 30
- Predominantly female patients
- Family history
- Pre-existing acrosyndrome (Raynaud or acrocyanosis)
- Recent weight loss/underweight
- Clinical presentation
_ Pruritus, pain, burning
_ Erythematous to dark purple papules and macules, bilateral and symmetrical
>> Sometimes oedematous or bullous
_ Toes, back of fingers
- Recurring flare-ups that last 1-3 weeks
>> Diagnosis is usually clinical
>> Evaluation if atypical: FSC, EPP, AAN
- Possible biopsy and/or capillaroscopy (in case of acrocyanosis/Raynaud)
>> Treatment:
- Keep extremities warm and dry
- Stop tobacco use
- Stop use of vasoconstrictor medications
- Topical corticosteroids under occlusion
- Calcium-channel inhibitors
- Local treatments on ulcers
- Pain control
_ Regression in 24-48 hours without pignmentation
Caused by slowed blood flow in dermal venules
Homogeneous blood stasis (livedo reticularis)
Heterogeneous blood stasis (livedo racemosa)
Speakers: Dr. Hélène Aubert, Dr. Sebastien Barbarot, Dr. Catherine Droitcourt and Dr. Anne Claire Bursztejn
Report written by Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet
In this presentation, our speakers reviewed the various treatment modalities used with atopic dermatitis in children, based on the most recent recommendations.
Rapid attack phase (1-2 weeks)
Maintenance phase
Extremities are more difficult to treat and therefore require more powerful corticosteroids
Important to explain treatment modalities to parents/patients and the chronic nature of atopic dermatitis
Adapt the treatment plan to each patient
Find the right treatment that meets the treatment objectives and patient’s expectations
Use of a magistral preparation may be useful, but the mixture can be done by the parent or the patient (in their hand)
Emollient often poorly tolerated in acute phase
Protopic is probably more appropriate for use in maintenance than with flare-ups
In case of failure:
Add antiseptics/antibiotics in case of secondary infection
New treatments forthcoming:
Before age 6
6-11 years
12-17 years
IKBKG mutation
Hyper-IgE syndrome
SAM syndrome
Speakers: Prof. Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier, Dr. Christine Chiaverini and Dr. Emmanuelle Bourrat
Report written by Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet
The speakers presented various cases encountered in their practices which proved to be learning experiences in the context of paediatric dermatology. They discussed the following conditions:
Case of acute alopecic plaques on the scalp of a girl with braids after wearing a bicycle helmet
Intermittent multidactylic erythronychia
Case of facial erythema in a 13-year-old patient manifesting as small confluent erythematous papules of recent onset.
Extensive bullous eruption of the skin and mucous membranes
- Form described with pseudo-atrophic appearance
- Diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
- Vitamin C deficiency → reduced collagen synthesis → haemorrhagic syndrome due to capillary fragility
- 3% of cases in patients under age 20
- Early appearance of sclerodermiform lesions on the back
- Bumpy appearance of the buttocks
- Low capillary density
- Increased visibility of veins of the scalp
- Serum tryptase test
_ Over 100 µg/ml suggests systemic involvement
- Perform investigations if:
_ Sharp break in weight curve
_ Signs of mast cell degranulation
- Possible treatment:
_ Antihistamines in case of pruritus or digestive symptoms
_ Topical corticosteroids on skin lesions
_ Avoid factors that exacerbate the lesion or systemic symptoms (friction, heat, cold, histamine-rich foods, certain medications)
- Bacilli are eliminated via the nasal mucosa and the skin (wounds)
- Absence of pathogen in tests does not exclude diagnosis, so clinical and epidemiological signs are sufficient to make this diagnosis
- Other cutaneous signs: Koenen’s tumours, shagreen patches, angiofibromas, fibrous cephalic plaques
_ Later, decrease in detachment in favour of hyperkeratosis
_ Sometimes palmoplantar keratoderma
_ Lentigines (multiple café-au-lait spots)
_ ECG abnormalities (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
_ Ocular hypertelorism
_ Pulmonary stenosis
_ Abnormalities of the genitals
_ Retarded growth
_ Deafness or hearing loss
- Possible persistence of subsequent permanent changes
Speakers: E. Collet, N. Raison Peyron, C. Leleu, F. Tétart
Report written by Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet
Many elements other than dyes may be involved in a case of contact dermatitis associated with clothing or fashion accessories
Topography can often be a big help in diagnosis
Clinical appearance
Tendency to resist topical corticosteroids
Careful examination of the suspected clothing or accessory is important
For patch tests, a good-sized sample is preferable
Dyes
- Disperse dyes
_ Used for synthetic fibres, never natural ones (linen, cotton, wool, silk)
_ Inexpensive
_ The most allergenic
_ Note that patients who react to Disperse Orange 3 react to PPD
- Reactive dyes
- Read labels to familiarise yourself with fibre composition
- Wash new clothes before wearing them
- Choose natural fibres and white underwear in case of allergy to disperse dyes
Metals
In textiles, shoes and fashion items:
- Only possible on metallic objects
- Can be used by the patient
- But unfortunately they are not always complied with
- Are “chrome-free” claims on shoes reliable?
- Allergic contact dermatitis is not uncommon in children
_ Affects soles of feet
_ Spares areas not in contact with the shoe
- Opt for purchases in regulated areas
- Purchase spot tests for nickel and/or cobalt
- Lined shoes, avoid moisture, barrier cream (uncertain value)
Rubber
- Thiurams
- Benzothiazoles
- IPPD
_ Black rubber (e.g. tyres)
- Dithiocarbamates
- Guanidines
- Thioureas
_ Used in neoprene production
>> Clothes and sporting accessories
>> Waterproofing and thermal insulation
- Other
Textile finishes and sizing agents
Rosin
- Adhesive used in heel and toe supports
Other allergens
- Allergen in individual sporting equipment and footwear
- Mainly affects children
- Eczema, sometimes severe (generalised or severe dyshidrosis of the feet)
- Most commonly found in cosmetics
Speakers: Prof. Diane Kottler, Prof. Anne Dompmartin, Dr. Margot Lehericey and Dr. Alicia Leymarie
Report written by Dr. Marie-Eve Pinet
i. Reproduction via keratinising spores or arthroconidia
ii. Development in the stratum corneum and adnexa
iii. Anthropophilic, zoophilic, telluric or geophilic
1. More inflammatory clinical signs with zoophilic mycoses (may even appear to have a secondary infection due to the pustular and crusty appearance, but this is not the case)
2. M. canis can heal on its own in animals… making investigation more complicated
iv. Genera: Microsporum, Tricophyton, Epiermophyton
v. Clinically, round centrifugal plaques
1. May be altered by the use of topical corticosteroids
vi. Examine the skin thoroughly, including hands and feet
vii. Important to use physical treatments and manage local factors during treatment
1. For pustules, abscesses and necrosis: mechanical and surgical treatment
i. Haematogenous diffusion or invasive mycoses
1. Presence of necrotic lesions on the skin
ii. Sometimes involved in onychomycosis
1. Confirm with direct examination + two analyses via culture or PCR
2. Grinding
3. Topical treatment (amphotericin B solution, can be combined with a urea-based keratolytic cream)
4. Systemic treatment?
5. Mechanical avulsion of the nail
iii. May be associated with a dermatophyte
iv. Mainly affects immunosuppressed patients (systemic corticosteroid therapy, leukaemia, lymphoma, transplant patients, etc.).
i Includes candida, malassezia and cryptococcus
ii. Reproduction by budding
iii. Candida:
1. Normally present in the digestive tract and female genital mucosa
2. Majority of cases caused by C.albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei
3. Response to antifungals is variable, depending on species
4. Non-albicans: 20% of vulvovaginitis cases
a. Resistant to azoles
5. Emergence of resistances
6. Candidosis risk factors:
a. Extended exposure to acidity
b. Age, physiological condition
c. Pathological states (diabetes, Hodgkin’s, AIDS, immune deficiencies)
d. Therapeutic factors (antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressors, psychotropics, radiation therapy)
i. Associated with use of anti-IL-17 drugs or immune deficiency affecting the production of IL-17
e. Drug addiction, malnutrition…
7. Hair is not affected (but skin, mucosa and nails are)
8. Clinical presentation:
a. Affects bottom of folds, oozing, small satellite pustules
b. Periorificial involvement with desquamative collarette on the buttocks
9. In case of doubt, take a sample
10. Treat all sites simultaneously
a. Topical treatment +/- fluconazole (right away in case of oesophagus involvement)
i. Avoid during antifungal treatment (at least a 15-day interval)
ii. Provide details of clinical context to the lab
iii. Sample where the fungus is located
iv. Direct examination: fast and simple
1. Essential before a treatment
2. Low sensitivity (negative in 50% of cases)
v. Culture
1. Variable time
a. Ordinary yeasts in less than a week
b. Up to 3 weeks for common filamentous fungi
c. 6 weeks or more for exotic mycoses
2. PCR
a. Specific vs. panfungal
i. Aspergillus and mucorales can be detected by specific PCR tests
ii. Panfungal PCRs have low sensitivity, low specificity and are costly
i. Local
1. Amphotericin B: yeasts and moulds
2. Terbinafine: dermatophytes, Candida
3. Imidazoles: dermatophytes, yeasts
4. Amorolfine: dermatophytes, yeasts
5. Cyclopyroxolamine: dermatophytes, yeasts, bacteria
i. Subsp. tuberculosis: tuberculosis
ii. Subsp. bovis: contact with livestock or transmitted through milk
iii. Subsp. africanum: tuberculosis, especially in tropical Africa
iv. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
i. True pathogens (e.g. M. ulcerans or M. marinum)
ii. Opportunistic pathogens (e.g. M. avium, M. abscessus, M. chelonae)
1. M. chelonae
a. Rare infection
b. Indolent
c. Does not always heal
iii. Saprophytic or commensal
i. Remember
ii. Skin biopsy
iii. Direct examination
iv. Culture
v. Tuberculosis PCR
vi. Histology
1. Caseous necrosis
i. According to the resistance profile of the species
ii. Clarothromycin is the most commonly used antibiotic
iii. Longer treatment in case of immunosuppression
